Multiple-community-based epidemiological study of stuttering among 3-year-old children in Japan.

INTRODUCTION: Many epidemiological studies of the disorder of stuttering have been conducted during the 20th century, continuing during the current one. Unfortunately, only a few were carried out in Japan. This study aimed at assessing (1) the incidence and prevalence of stuttering in 3-year-old children in multiple Japanese communities, and (2) factors associated with the onset of stuttering among these children. METHODS: A questionnaire aimed at screening for the presence of stuttering was employed for 2,055 children aged 3 years, who underwent a standard nationwide health checkup. Positive responses were confirmed in several ways: (1) direct interviews and assessment of the child's speech, (2) confirmatory questionnaire, or (3) telephone interviews by licensed Speech Language Hearing Therapists. RESULTS: Approximately 6.5% of the children were found to exhibit stuttering at the time of their health checkup. This figure rose to 9.0% after including individuals who previously, but not currently, were reported to have exhibited stuttering. Among the putative risk factors, higher stuttering odds (odds ratio, OR = 3.26) were detected in those with a family history of stuttering, those whose guardians had concerns about their child's development (OR = 1.77), and those with diagnosed diseases or disabilities (OR = 2.14). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that, in Japan, both the risk of stuttering incidence (8.9%) in children up to, and including, the age of 3 years, as well as its prevalence (6.5%) in this population, was similar to those reported by recent studies in other countries. Additionally, our findings also confirmed that an increased risk for stuttering at age 3 is associated with a family history of stuttering.

Invasive group A streptococcal infection can be fatal to pregnant women in restricted medical resources remote areas-Emergent alert after COVID-19 pandemic.

Invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) infection is a leading cause of maternal death. The increase in the number of patients with iGAS in Japan is markedly greater than before the coronavirus pandemic. We encountered a case of iGAS infection, on a remote island with restricted medical resources, in a third-trimester pregnant woman, resulting in both maternal and fetal death. A 34-year-old woman was admitted via a local general hospital with a high fever. Intrauterine fetal death disseminated intravascular coagulation, and septic shock were confirmed. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were started, and the patient was returned to the local general hospital. Eight hours after arrival, the patient died of circulatory and respiratory dysfunction complications. iGAS infections in remote areas may directly lead to life-threatening conditions and should be treated as an emergency, comparable to the serious conditions of placental abruption or placenta previa.

Efficacy of Transvaginal Surgery Using an ORIHIME Mesh With Wider Arms and Adjusted Length.

INTRODUCTION: Transvaginal mesh surgery (TVM) is an effective treatment measure for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). However, the ORIHIME mesh (Kono Seisakusho, Japan, Tokyo), which has the disadvantage of poor adherence to tissues, is currently the only product available for this procedure. Our research team has previously developed a modified ORIHIME mesh with wider arms with the aim of minimizing the risk of POP recurrence. Additionally, the length of the mesh behind the anterior vaginal wall has been adjusted to prevent urinary incontinence. The current study aims to examine the efficacy of this modified mesh in minimizing postoperative complications in patients undergoing uphold-type TVM. METHODS: The data of 84 patients who underwent TVM using ORIHIME at our hospital since July 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into three groups as follows: (a) normal arms (NA; arm width < 6 cm; n = 29 cases); (b) wide arms without length adjustment (WA and LA (-); arm width > 6 cm; n = 27 cases); and (c) wide arms with length adjustment (WA and LA (+); n = 28 cases). Data were collected using various questionnaires, and the residual urine volume was measured before and after surgery. Additionally, the 60-minute pad test was performed where possible, and the recurrence and complication rates were recorded. RESULTS: The incidence of mesh exposure and urinary incontinence in daily life tended to be lower in the WA and LA (+) groups, although this difference was not statistically significant. The one-year postoperative POP recurrence rate, residual urine volume, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS), and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF) score were significantly lower in the WA and LA (+) groups compared to the other groups. CONCLUSION: Uphold-type TVM using the modified ORIHIME mesh with wider arms and adjusted length was associated with better postoperative treatment outcomes compared to TVM using the traditional ORIHIME mesh.

Erratum: Isoform requirement of clustered protocadherin for preventing neuronal apoptosis and neonatal lethality.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105766.].

Can endometrial cytology identify patients who would benefit from immunotherapy?

INTRODUCTION: Patients with POLE (polymerase epsilon) mutation (POLEmut)-subtype, MMR-deficient (MMR-d)-subtype as classified by the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and a high tumor mutation burden (TMB-high) potentially benefit from immunotherapy. However, characteristics of the cytological morphology within these populations remain unknown. METHODS: DNA extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues was subjected to next-generation sequencing analysis. Genomic mutations related to gynecological cancers, TMB, and microsatellite instability (MSI) were analyzed and were placed in four TCGA classification types. The following morphological cytological investigations were conducted on endometrial cancer using a liquid-based preparation method, prior to the commencement of initial treatment: i) cytological backgrounds; ii) differences between each count of neutrophils and lymphocytes as described below. RESULTS: Insignificant differences in the cytological background patterns of TCGA groups and TMB status were found. Although there was no significant difference in neutrophil count (p= 0.955) in the TCGA groups, POLEmut and MMR-d had significantly higher lymphocyte counts than no specific molecular profile (NSMP) (p= 0.019 and 0.037, respectively); furthermore, p53mut also tended to be significant (p= 0.064). Lymphocyte counts in TMB-high were also significantly greater than TMB-low (p= 0.002). POLEmut showed a positive correlation between TMB levels and lymphocyte counts. For predicting patients with POLEmut plus MMR-d, lymphocyte counts demonstrated a superior diagnostic accuracy of Area Under the Curve(AUC)(0.70, 95% CI: 0.57-0.84), with a cut-off value of 26 high-power field(HPF). CONCLUSION: Lymphocyte count using liquid-based cytology for patients with endometrial cancer may predict POLEmut plus MMR-d of TCGA groups and TMB-high in those who can benefit from immunotherapy.

Favorable Postoperative Outcomes After Transvaginal Mesh Surgery Using a Wide-Arm ORIHIME® Mesh.

Introduction Transvaginal mesh surgery (TVM) is an effective treatment option for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Although ORIHIME®, the only available mesh product, is thin, soft, and easy to handle, it has the disadvantages of sliding off or mildly adhering to the surrounding tissues. The current study compared the efficacy of using wide-arm ORIHIME (Kono Seisakusho, Japan, Tokyo), non-wide arm ORIHIME, Gynemesh PS (Johnson and Johnson, Japan, Tokyo), and Polyform (Boston Scientific Japan, Japan, Tokyo) meshes for TVM. Methods The study included 116 patients who underwent TVM (Prolift with Gynemesh PS (n = 14); Elevate with Polyform (n = 43); Uphold with non-wide-arm ORIHIME (n = 24); Uphold with wide-arm ORIHIME (n = 35)) at our hospital. Pre- and post-surgical changes in symptoms were measured using questionnaires and 60-minute pad weight testing and compared by mesh type and surgical methods used. Results The residual urine volume, 60-minute pad weight testing, international prostate symptom score (IPSS), overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS), and international consultation on incontinence questionnaire-short form score (ICIQ-SF) significantly improved one year postoperatively in the TVM with the wide-arm ORIHIME group. Comparison of pre and one-year postoperative findings by mesh type and surgical methods used showed no significant differences in the 60-minute pad test, IPSS, Quality of Life (QOL), OABSS, and urinary incontinence in daily life scores, and improvement in residual urine volume, ICIQ-SF, and mesh exposure and POP recurrence rates in the TVM with the wide-arm ORIHIME group. Conclusion TVM with wide-arm ORIHIME had better postoperative outcomes compared to TVM with other mesh products.

Intrauterine manipulator use during laparoscopic hysterectomy for endometrial cancer: association for pathological factors and oncologic outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between intrauterine manipulator use and pathological factors and oncologic outcomes in patients with endometrial cancer who had laparoscopic hysterectomy in Japan. METHODS: This was a nationwide retrospective cohort study of the tumor registry of the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Study population was 3846 patients who had laparoscopic hysterectomy for endometrial cancer from January 2015 to December 2017. An automated 1-to-1 propensity score matching with preoperative and intraoperative demographics was performed to assess postoperative pathological factors associated with the intrauterine manipulator. Survival outcomes were assessed by accounting for possible pathological mediators related to intrauterine manipulator use. RESULTS: Most patients had preoperative stage I disease (96.5%) and grade 1-2 endometrioid tumors (81.9%). During the study period, 1607 (41.8%) patients had intrauterine manipulator use and 2239 (58.2%) patients did not. In the matched cohort, the incidences of lymphovascular space invasion in the hysterectomy specimen were 17.8% in the intrauterine manipulator group and 13.3% in the non-manipulator group. Intrauterine manipulator use was associated with a 35% increased odds of lymphovascular space invasion (adjusted odds ratio 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08 to 1.69). The incidences of malignant cells identified in the pelvic peritoneal cytologic sample at hysterectomy were 10.8% for the intrauterine manipulator group and 6.4% for the non-manipulator group. Intrauterine manipulator use was associated with a 77% increased odds of malignant peritoneal cytology (adjusted odds ratio 1.77, 95% Cl 1.29 to 2.31). The 5 year overall survival rates were 94.2% for the intrauterine manipulator group and 96.6% for the non-manipulator group (hazard ratio (HR) 1.64, 95% Cl 1.12 to 2.39). Possible pathological mediators accounted HR was 1.36 (95%Cl 0.93 to 2.00). CONCLUSION: This nationwide analysis of predominantly early stage, low-grade endometrial cancer in Japan suggested that intrauterine manipulator use during laparoscopic hysterectomy for endometrial cancer may be associated with an increased risk of lymphovascular space invasion and malignant peritoneal cytology. Possible mediator effects of intrauterine manipulator use on survival warrant further investigation, especially with a prospective setting.

Vasohibin-1 Expression Can Predict Pathological Complete Remission of Advanced Bladder Cancer with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is a well-established standard practice in invasive bladder cancer (BCa), however patient selection remains challenging. High expression of vasohibin-1 (VASH1), an endogenous regulator of angiogenesis, has been reported in high-grade and advanced BCa; however, its prognostic value for chemotherapy outcomes remains unexplored. In this study, we sought to identify biomarkers of chemotherapy response focusing on the relationship between angiogenesis and tissue hypoxia. METHODS: Forty Japanese patients with BCa who underwent NAC and radical cystectomy were included in the present analysis. We compared the immunohistochemical expression of CD34, VASH1, and carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) between patients who achieved tumor clearance at operation (ypT0) and those with residual disease after cystectomy. RESULTS: There were 19 patients in the ypT0 group, while the remaining 21 patients had residual tumors at operation. Patients in the ypT0 group had high microvessel density (p = 0.031), high VASH1 density (p < 0.001), and stronger CA9 staining (p = 0.046) than their counterparts. Multivariate analysis identified microvessel and VASH1 density as independent predictive factors for pathological ypT0 disease (p = 0.043 and 0.002, respectively). The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was higher in the high VASH1 density group than in the low VASH1 density group (66.3% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.036). CONCLUSION: VASH1 density is a potential therapeutic biomarker for chemotherapy response in BCa.

Correction: Anti-inflammatory effects of cold atmospheric plasma irradiation on the THP-1 human acute monocytic leukemia cell line.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292267.].

NT-pro BNP level at dialysis initiation is a useful biomarker for predicting hospitalization for ischemic heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are at high risk of cardiovascular disease including stroke, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease (IHD). To prevent the occurrence and progression of CVD, a reliable prognostic cardiac biomarker is essential. We investigated the prognostic value of NT-proBNP for each incident type of CVD. METHODS: Male patients from the Ibaraki Dialysis Initiation Cohort (iDIC) study with preserved serum samples from dialysis initiation day (n = 212) were analyzed. Patients were classified into four groups according to quartiles of baseline NT-pro BNP levels. The relationship between NT-proBNP levels at the initiation of dialysis and the subsequent incidence of hospitalization events due to IHD, heart failure, and stroke was analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence rate for hospitalization due to IHD was significantly higher in the highest NT-proBNP category (Log rank p = 0.008); those of stroke and heart failure showed no significant differences among quartiles. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that serum NT-proBNT was the only prognostic factor for hospitalization for IHD after adjustment by major known IHD risk factors. (HR, 1.008; 95% confidence interval, 1.002-1.014; p = 0.01) The ROC curve analysis for the incidence of hospitalization due to IHD showed that NT-proBNP had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.759 (95% CI 0.622-0.897; p = 0.004) at a cut-off value of 956.6 pg/mL. CONCLUSION: NT-proBNP measurement at the initiation of dialysis therapy is useful to predict later hospitalization for IHD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN000010806.

Therapeutic potential of robots for people who stutter: a preliminary study.

Introduction: Growing anecdotal evidence suggests the feasibility of robotic intervention for people who suffer from disorders related to state anxiety. Few studies have been conducted on utilizing robots for persons who stutter (PWS). The present study examines the feasibility of using a robot for speech therapy for PWS. Methods: We prepared four settings (i.e., interviews with unfamiliar persons, interviews with unfamiliar communication robots, reading sentences aloud with a tandem robot that can utter the same words as a user by repeating the user's voice after a short delay, and reading sentences aloud while being alone). We assessed the potential of the robots as both interlocutors and practice partners in training with delayed auditory feedback (DAF) for PWS. Moreover, we assessed the relationship between the trait of stuttering and the participants' affinity to the robots. Results: Eleven PWS participated in the study. Eight (72.7%) participants had fewer stuttering-related psychological symptoms when they communicated with robots than when they communicated with humans. Spearman's rank correlation analysis revealed that there was a significant negative correlation between the Modified Erickson Communication Attitude scale (S-24) and the difference between the scores for stuttering-related psychological symptoms pertaining to the communication robot and humans (p < 0.01). Six participants (54.5%) had fewer stuttering-related psychological symptoms when they read aloud with the tandem robot than when they read aloud alone. There were significant positive correlations between S-24 and the differences between the scores for stuttering-related psychological symptoms when reading aloud with the tandem robot and those when reading aloud alone (p < 0.01). Discussion: The communication robot and tandem utterance robot can sometimes be burdensome, although both robots were always easier to talk to for PWS in this preliminary study. The participants with positive speech-related attitudes were more inclined to decrease stuttering-related psychological symptoms when communicating with CommU than when communicating with humans. The participants whose speech-related attitudes were negative were more inclined to show a decrease in stuttering-related psychological symptoms when reading aloud with the tandem robot. Further studies are needed to provide more detailed information.

Standardization of robot-assisted pelvic lymph node dissection-Development of a common understanding of regional anatomy and surgical technique based on cross-disciplinary discussion among colorectal surgery, urology, and gynecology.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic lymph node dissection is a procedure performed in gastroenterological surgery, urology, and gynecology. However, due to discrepancies in the understanding of pelvic anatomy among these departments, cross-disciplinary discussions have not been easy. Recently, with the rapid spread of robotic surgery, the importance of visual information in understanding pelvic anatomy has become even more significant. In this project, we attempted to clarify a shared understanding of pelvic anatomy through cross-disciplinary discussions. METHOD: From May 2020 to November 2021, a total of 11 discussions were held entirely online with 5 colorectal surgery specialists, 4 urologists, and 4 gynecologists. The discussions focused on evidence from each specialty and surgical videos, aiming to create a universally understandable pelvic anatomical illustration. RESULTS: The common area of dissection recognized across the three departments was identified as the obturator lymph nodes. A dynamic illustration of pelvic anatomy was created. In addition to a bird's-eye view of the pelvis, a pelvic half view was developed to enhance understanding of the deeper pelvic anatomy. The following insights were incorporated into the illustration: (1) the cardinal ligament in gynecology partly overlaps with the vesicohypogastric fascia in colorectal surgery; (2) the obturator lymph nodes continue cephalad into the fossa of Marcille in urology; and (3) the deep uterine vein in gynecology corresponds to the inferior vesical vein in colorectal surgery. CONCLUSION: Based on the dynamic illustration of pelvic anatomy from cross-disciplinary discussions, we anticipate advancements in pelvic lymph node dissection aiming for curative and safe outcomes.

Para-aortic lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer patients with left-sided inferior vena cava: A case report and literature review.

OBJECTIVE: The incidence of left-sided inferior vena cava (IVC) is extremely low. However, without a preoperative diagnosis of left-sided IVC, the risk of intraoperative vascular injury during para-aortic lymph node (PAN) lymphadenectomy is high. CASE REPORT: Herein, we present two cases in which left-sided IVCs were diagnosed using preoperative imaging. PAN lymphadenectomies were safely performed in these patients with endometrial cancer. In the first case, the left-sided IVC crossed the abdominal aorta after the left renal and gonadal veins had drained into it and joined the right renal vein. In the second case, the left-sided IVC crossed the abdominal aorta after the left renal and gonadal veins flowed into it and the ascending lumbar vein flowed into the right side. CONCLUSION: These cases demonstrate that even in the presence of vascular malformations, PAN lymphadenectomy can be performed safely by employing preoperative anatomical imaging analysis and judicious intraoperative surgical maneuvers to avoid vascular injury.

Rapid human genomic DNA cloning into mouse artificial chromosome via direct chromosome transfer from human iPSC and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated translocation.

A 'genomically' humanized animal stably maintains and functionally expresses the genes on human chromosome fragment (hCF; <24 Mb) loaded onto mouse artificial chromosome (MAC); however, cloning of hCF onto the MAC (hCF-MAC) requires a complex process that involves multiple steps of chromosome engineering through various cells via chromosome transfer and Cre-loxP chromosome translocation. Here, we aimed to develop a strategy to rapidly construct the hCF-MAC by employing three alternative techniques: (i) application of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) as chromosome donors for microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT), (ii) combination of paclitaxel (PTX) and reversine (Rev) as micronucleation inducers and (iii) CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for site-specific translocations. We achieved a direct transfer of human chromosome 6 or 21 as a model from hiPSCs as alternative human chromosome donors into CHO cells containing MAC. MMCT was performed with less toxicity through induction of micronucleation by PTX and Rev. Furthermore, chromosome translocation was induced by simultaneous cleavage between human chromosome and MAC by using CRISPR/Cas9, resulting in the generation of hCF-MAC containing CHO clones without Cre-loxP recombination and drug selection. Our strategy facilitates rapid chromosome cloning and also contributes to the functional genomic analyses of human chromosomes.

Multi-anode enhanced the bioelectricity generation in air-cathode microbial fuel cells towards energy self-sustaining wastewater treatment.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) hold considerable promise for harnessing the substantial energy resources present in wastewater. However, their practical application in wastewater treatment is limited by inadequate removal of organic matter and inefficient power recovery. Previous studies have investigated aeration as a method to enhance the removal of organic matter, but this method is energy-intensive. To address this issue, this study proposed using MFC-recovered bioelectricity for aeration, thereby mitigating the associated expenses. An air-cathode MFC with multi-anode was constructed and optimized to maximize electricity supply for aeration. Carbon-felt anodes were chosen as the most effective anode configuration, due to the high abundance of electroactive bacteria and genes observed in the biofilm generated on their surface. By incorporating six carbon felt anodes, the MFC achieved a 1.7 and 1.1 fold enhancement in the maximum power and current density, respectively. The optimized MFC unit achieved a stable current density of 0.32 A/m2 and achieved COD removal of 60% in the long-term operation of 140 days in a 50 L reactor. In a reactor scaled up to 1600 L, 72 MFCs successfully powered a mini air pump work for 10 s after an 81-s charging period. The intermittent aeration resulted in partial increases in DO concentrations to 0.03-3.5 mg/L, which is expected to promote the removal of nitrogen compounds by the nitrification-anammox process. These groundbreaking results lay the foundation for self-sustaining wastewater treatment technologies.

An optimal method of hydrogel spacer insertion for stereotactic body radiation therapy of prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore an ideal method for hydrogel spacer insertion by analyzing the efficacy and safety of our originally developed apex expansion method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Overall, 100 patients with low- and intermediate-risk localized prostate cancer treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy were included. A hydrogel spacer was inserted in 64 and 36 patients using the conventional and apex expansion methods, respectively. For dosimetry, we trisected the rectum into the upper rectum, middle rectum, and lower rectum on the sagittal section of magnetic resonance imaging. We compared the dose to each part of the rectum between the two methods using dose-volume histograms. Genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity assessments were conducted until 3 months of follow-up. RESULTS: The whole rectal dose in the apex expansion method group was lower than that in the conventional method group, which was significant in all dose regions (V5-V35). Similarly, in the apex expansion method group, the dose to the middle rectum was lower in the low- to high-dose region (V10-V35), and the dose to the lower rectum was lower in the middle- to high-dose region (V15-35). No Grade ≥ 3 toxicity or procedure-related complications were observed. Additionally, Grade 2 genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicities during the treatment showed no significant differences between the two methods. CONCLUSION: The apex expansion method may be safe and effective in achieving a more efficient rectal dose reduction by expanding the anterior perirectal space in the prostatic apex area.

Cervical Cytology Preserves Histologically Detected Surface Epithelial Slackening, Unique to the POLE Mutation-subtype in Endometrial Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Among the four genomic subtypes of endometrial cancer, distinguishing between the DNA polymerase epsilon mutation (POLEmut) and no specific molecular profile (NSMP) subtypes requires genomic profiling owing to the lack of surrogate immunohistochemical markers. We have previously found that, histologically, the POLEmut-subtype exhibits surface epithelial slackening (SES). Therefore, to improve subtype identification, we aimed to extract cytological features corresponding to SES in POLEmut-subtype cervical cytology specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 104 endometrial cancer cervical cytology specimens, with integrative diagnosis confirmation via histology, immunohistochemistry, and genomic profiling. Cytological features were evaluated for the presence of atypical glandular cells, atypical cell appearance in single cells and clusters, and cytological SES and the presence of tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells in clusters. RESULTS: Based on cervical cytology, the POLEmut- and p53mut-subtypes exhibited more frequent atypical cells in smaller clusters, giant tumor cells, and cytological SES patterns than the NSMP-subtype. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were frequent in the POLEmut- and mismatch repair-deficient subtypes. CONCLUSION: Histologically-detected SES as well as other endometrial cancer features may be preserved in the atypical cell clusters observed in cervical cytology specimens. Cytological detection of SES and of smaller clusters of atypical cells and inflammatory cells with moderate atypia are suggestive of POLEmut-subtype. Integrative diagnosis including genomic profiling remains critical for diagnostic confirmation.

Trigger of the Highly Resistive Layer Formation at the Cathode-Electrolyte Interface in All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries Using a Garnet-Type Lithium-Ion Conductor.

Interfacial materials design is critical in the development of all-solid-state lithium batteries. We must develop an electrode-electrolyte interface with low resistance and effectively utilize the energy stored in the battery system. Here, we investigated the highly resistive layer formation process at the interface of a layered cathode: LiCoO2, and a garnet-type solid-state electrolyte: Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12, during the cosintering process using in situ/ex situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction. The onset temperature of the reaction between a lithium-deficient LixCoO2 and Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 is 60 °C, while a stoichiometric LiCoO2 does not show any reaction up to 900 °C. The chemical potential gap of lithium first triggers the lithium migration from the garnet phase to the LixCoO2 below 200 °C. The lithium-extracted garnet gradually decomposes around 200 °C and mostly disappears at 500 °C. Since the interdiffusion of the transition metal is not observed below 500 °C, the early-stage reaction product is the decomposed lithium-deficient garnet phase. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results showed that the highly resistive layer is formed even below 200 °C. The present work offers that the origin of the highly resistive layer formation is triggered by lithium migration at the solid-solid interface and decomposition of the lithium-deficient garnet phase. We must prevent spontaneous lithium migration at the cathode-electrolyte interface to avoid a highly resistive layer formation. Our results show that the lithium chemical potential gap should be the critical parameter for designing an ideal solid-solid interface for all-solid-state battery applications.

Anti-inflammatory effects of cold atmospheric plasma irradiation on the THP-1 human acute monocytic leukemia cell line.

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been studied and clinically applied to treat chronic wounds, cancer, periodontitis, and other diseases. CAP exerts cytotoxic, bactericidal, cell-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects on living tissues by generating reactive species. Therefore, CAP holds promise as a treatment for diseases involving chronic inflammation and bacterial infections. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying these anti-inflammatory effects of CAP are still unclear. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of CAP in vitro. The human acute monocytic leukemia cell line, THP-1, was stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and irradiated with CAP, and the cytotoxic effects of CAP were evaluated. Time-course differentiation of gene expression was analyzed, and key transcription factors were identified via transcriptome analysis. Additionally, the nuclear localization of the CAP-induced transcription factor was examined using western blotting. The results indicated that CAP showed no cytotoxic effects after less than 70 s of irradiation and significantly inhibited interleukin 6 (IL6) expression after more than 40 s of irradiation. Transcriptome analysis revealed many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following CAP irradiation at all time points. Cluster analysis classified the DEGs into four distinct groups, each with time-dependent characteristics. Gene ontology and gene set enrichment analyses revealed CAP-induced suppression of IL6 production, other inflammatory responses, and the expression of genes related to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. Transcription factor analysis suggested that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), which suppresses intracellular oxidative stress, is the most activated transcription factor. Contrarily, regulatory factor X5, which regulates MHC class II expression, is the most suppressed transcription factor. Western blotting revealed the nuclear localization of NRF2 following CAP irradiation. These data suggest that CAP suppresses the inflammatory response, possibly by promoting NRF2 nuclear translocation.